Python - Operators
Operators are used to perform operation on two operands. Operators in Python can be categorized as follows:
- Arithmetic operators
- Assignment operators
- Comparison operators
- Logical operators
- Identity operators
- Membership operators
- Bitwise operators
Python Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on two operands.
| Operator | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | Add two values |
| - | Subtraction | Subtract one value from another |
| * | Multiplication | Multiply two values |
| / | Division | Divide one value by another |
| ** | Exponent / Power | Returns first operand raised to the power of second operand |
| % | Modulo | Returns remainder of division operation |
| // | Floor division | Returns quotient of division operation |
Example
Python Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values of right hand side expression to left hand side operand.
| Operator | Expression | Equivalent to | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| = | a = 5 | a = 5 | Example |
| += | a += b | a = a + b | |
| -= | a -= b | a = a - b | |
| *= | a *= b | a = a * b | |
| /= | a /= b | a = a / b | |
| **= | a **= b | a = a ** b | |
| %= | a %= b | a = a % b | |
| //= | a //= b | a = a // b | |
| &= | a &= b | a = a & b | More Info |
| |= | a |= b | a = a | b | More Info |
| ^= | a ^= b | a = a ^ b | More Info |
| >>= | a >>= b | a = a >> b | More Info |
| <<= | a <<= b | a = a << b | More Info |
Python Comparison operators
Comparison operators are used to compare values of two operands. It returns true when values matches and returns false when values does not match.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| == | Equal |
| != | Not equal |
| > | Greater than |
| < | Less than |
| >= | Greater than or equal to |
| <= | Less than or equal to |
Example
Python Logical operators
Logical operators are used to combine two or more conditions.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| and | Returns true when all conditions are true |
| or | Returns true when any of the conditions is true |
| not | Returns opposite boolean result |
More Info
Python Identity operators
Identity operators are used to compare memory location of two objects.
| Operator | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| is | Returns true when both variables are the same object | a is b |
| is not | Returns true when both variables are not the same object | a is not b |
More Info
Python Membership operators
Membership operators are used to check the membership of element(s) in a sequence like lists, tuple etc.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| in | Returns true if a given element is present in the object | a in b |
| not in | Returns true if a given element is not present in the object | a not in b |
More Info
Python Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise operations on two operands.
| Operator | Name | Description | More Info |
|---|---|---|---|
| & | AND | Returns 1 if both bits at the same position in both operands are 1, else returns 0 | More Info |
| | | OR | Returns 1 if one of two bits at the same position in both operands is 1, else returns 0 | More Info |
| ^ | XOR | Returns 1 if only one of two bits at the same position in both operands is 1, else returns 0 | More Info |
| ~ | NOT | Reverse all the bits | More Info |
| >> | Right shift | The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in the right operand | More Info |
| << | Left shift | The left operand value is moved left by the number of bits present in the right operand | More Info |
Python Operators Precedence
Operator precedence (order of operations) is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which procedures to perform first in order to evaluate a given expression.
For example, multiplication has higher precedence than addition. Thus, the expression 1 + 2 × 3 is interpreted to have the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9. When exponent is used in the expression, it has precedence over both addition and multiplication. Thus 3 + 52 = 28 and 3 × 52 = 75.
The following table lists the precedence and associativity of Python operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with relatively lower precedence. When operators have the same precedence, associativity of the operators determines the order in which the operations are performed.
Operators in the same group have associativity from left to right, except exponentiation, which has associativity from right to left.
| Precedence | Operator | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | (expressions...) | Binding or parenthesized expression |
| [expressions...] | List display | |
| {key: value...} | Dictionary display | |
| {expressions...} | Set display | |
| 17 | x[index] | Subscription |
| x[index:index] | Slicing | |
| x(arguments...) | Call | |
| x.attribute | Attribute reference | |
| 16 | await x | Await expression |
| 15 | ** | Exponentiation |
| 14 | +x -x | Unary plus, Unary negation |
| ~ | Bitwise NOT | |
| 13 | * / // % | Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Remainder |
| @ | Matrix multiplication | |
| 12 | + - | Addition, Subtraction |
| 11 | << >> | Bitwise left shift, right shift |
| 10 | & | Bitwise AND |
| 9 | ^ | Bitwise XOR |
| 8 | | | Bitwise OR |
| 7 | < <= > >= | Less than, Less than or equal, Greater than, and Greater than or equal |
| is | Identity operators | |
| is not | ||
| in | Membership operators | |
| not in | ||
| 6 | not x | Boolean NOT |
| 5 | and | Boolean AND |
| 4 | or | Boolean OR |
| 3 | if-else | Conditional expression |
| 2 | lambda | Lambda expression |
| 1 | = | Direct assignment |
| += -= *= /= //= %= **= | Compound assignment by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, floor division, remainder, and exponentiation | |
| <<= >>= | Compound assignment by Bitwise left shift, right shift | |
| &= ^= |= | Compound assignment by Bitwise AND, XOR and OR |
