R - exponent operator example
The example below show the usage of exponent(^) operator in different scenarios.
Exponent using scalar
If a vector or a matrix is raised to the power of a given scalar (single element atomic vector) , then each element of it is exponentiated.
#first operand x1 <- 10 v1 <- c(10, 20, 30) m1 <- matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60), nrow=2) #second operand x2 <- 2 #using two scalars print(x1 ^ x2) #using a vector and a scalar print(v1 ^ x2) #using a matrix and a scalar cat("\n") print(m1 ^ x2)
The output of the above code will be:
[1] 100 [1] 100 400 900 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 100 900 2500 [2,] 400 1600 3600
Exponent using vector
When a vector is raised to the power of another vector, their length should be same or length of longer vector should be multiple of length of shorter vector. Similarly, when a matrix is divided by a vector, the length of longer object should be multiple of length of shorter object.
Please note that, When a matrix is raised to the power of a vector, elements are exponentiated column-wise.
#first operand x1 <- 10 v1 <- c(10, 20, 30) m1 <- matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60), nrow=2) #second operand v2 <- c(1, 2, 3) #using a scalar (single element #atomic vector) and a vector print(x1 ^ v2) #using two vectors print(v1 ^ v2) #using a matrix and a vector cat("\n") print(m1 ^ v2)
The output of the above code will be:
[1] 10 100 1000 [1] 10 400 27000 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 10 27000 2500 [2,] 400 40 216000
Exponent using matrix
When a matrix is raised to the power of another matrix, their dimension should be same or dimension of bigger matrix should be multiple of dimension of smaller matrix.
#first operand x1 <- 10 v1 <- c(10, 20, 30) m1 <- matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60), nrow=2) #second operand m2 <- matrix(c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2), nrow=2) #using a scalar (single element #atomic vector) and a matrix print(x1 ^ m2) #using a vector and a matrix cat("\n") print(v1 ^ m2) #using two matrices cat("\n") print(m1 ^ m2)
The output of the above code will be:
[,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 10 10 10 [2,] 100 100 100 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 10 30 20 [2,] 400 100 900 [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 10 30 50 [2,] 400 1600 3600
❮ R - Operators