SQL - Operators
Operators are used to perform operation on two operands. Operators in SQL can be categorized as follows:
- Arithmetic operators
- Comparison operators
- Logical operators
SQL Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on two operands.
| Operator | Name | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | Add two values | More Info |
| - | Subtraction | Subtract one value from another | More Info |
| * | Multiplication | Multiply two values | More Info |
| / | Division | Divide one value by another | More Info |
| % | Modulo | Returns remainder of division operation | More Info |
SQL Comparison operators
Comparison operators are used to compare values of two operands. It returns true when values matches and false when values does not match.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| = | Equal to | More Info |
| != | Not equal to | More Info |
| <> | Not equal to | More Info |
| > | Greater than | More Info |
| < | Less than | More Info |
| >= | Greater than or equal to | More Info |
| <= | Less than or equal to | More Info |
SQL Logical operators
Logical operators are used to create and combine one or more conditions.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| ALL | Returns true if all of the subquery values meet the condition. |
| AND | Only includes rows where both conditions is true. |
| ANY | Returns true if any of the subquery values meet the condition. |
| BETWEEN | Selects values within a given range. |
| EXISTS | Tests for the existence of records from a subquery. |
| IN | Allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause. |
| LIKE | Searches for a specified pattern in a column. |
| NOT | Only includes rows where a condition is not true. |
| NOT LIKE | Negation of LIKE. |
| OR | Returns True when any of the conditions is true. |
| IS NULL | Tests for null values. |
| IS NOT NULL | Tests for non-null values. |
| SOME | Returns true if any of the subquery values meet the condition. |
SQL Operators Precedence
Operator precedence (order of operations) is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which procedures to perform first in order to evaluate a given expression.
For example, multiplication has higher precedence than addition. Thus, the expression 1 + 2 × 3 is interpreted to have the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9. When exponent is used in the expression, it has precedence over both addition and multiplication. Thus 3 + 52 = 28 and 3 × 52 = 75.
The following table lists the precedence of SQL operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with relatively lower precedence.
| Precedence | Operators | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | +, - | Unary plus, Unary minus |
| 8 | *, /, % | Multiplication, Division, Modulo |
| 7 | +, -, || | Addition, Subtraction, Concatenation |
| 6 | =, !=, >, <, >=, <=, <> | Comparison |
| 5 | IS [NOT] NULL LIKE [NOT] BETWEEN [NOT] IN EXISTS IS OF | Comparison |
| 4 | NOT | Logical negation |
| 3 | AND | Conjunction |
| 2 | OR | Disjunction |
| 1 | = | Assignment |
